ABSTRACT The surface electric parameters associated with biological membranes (purple, chloroplast and thylakoid membranes), biological ensembles (photosystem I and photosystem II, light-harvesting complex of photosystem II) and biological macromolecules are important for understanding the electric field effects on biological systems as well as the role of electrostatics in the photosynthetic processes. Knowledge of the orientational behavior of the photosynthetic membrane fragments is of fundamental importance for study of the photoelectrical activity of the membranes. The electro-optic investigations performed on purple membrane fragments from Halobacterium salinarium containing native and modified bacteriorhodopsin, photosynthetic membranes and membrane fragments from wild type and mutants of higher plants are reviewed.
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