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Trends in Mineralogy   Volumes    Volume 1 
Abstract
A review of the occurrence of platinum group elements in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA
A. Mogessie, B. Saini-Eidukat
Pages: 65 - 85
Number of pages: 21
Trends in Mineralogy
Volume 1 

Copyright © 1992 Research Trends. All rights reserved

ABSTRACT
 
The Duluth Complex, Minnesota, an exposed, mafic plutonic pan of an aborted 1.1 Ga intracontinental rift, is broadly subdivided into an older anorthositic series and a younger troctolitic series. It was intruded into a dynamic rifting environment beneath a thick tholeiitic lava pile and above older country rocks ranging in type from pelitic metasediments and banded iron formations to granite-greenstone complexes. The basal troctolites of the Duluth Complex contain a large, low-grade Cu-Ni sulfide resource and several platinum group element (PGE) occurrences. The ranges of PGE and Au concentrations in the troctolitic rocks are in ppb): Os (<3-15), Ir (<0.1-25.1), Ru (<1-50), Re (<1-13), Pt (<5-390), Pd (5-1300). Locally total PGE concentrations reach >9000 ppb. Chondrite-normalized PGE patterns show two trends, as defined by the presence or absence of a low-Ir anomaly. PGE-enriched (Pt or Pd > 1 ppm) troctolitic rocks have a distinct isotopic signature which consists of ∂34S values < 10 per mil and which extend to lower values than those of the Cu-enriched zones. This suggests a different mechanism for the formation of the PGM-bearing rocks in comparison to the Cu-Ni mineralized rocks. Platinum group minerals (PGM`s) include sperrylite, taimyrite, froodite, michenerite, and moncheite. The PGM`s are associated with serpentinized olivine and secondary magnetite or with altered, calcic plagioclase (-An75), and hydrosilicates. Pd-bismuthotellurides are associated with parkerite tellurobismuthinite, bismuthinite, hessite, native gold and clausthalite, and with low-temperature sulfides such as valleriite, violarite, heazlewoodite, and in some instances graphite. These associations suggest that the PGM`s were transported and deposited during a late-magmatic hydrothermal event related to the introduction of volatiles from the underlying metasediments. The high Cl-content of serpentine, biotite, apatite and graphite, the high An-content of the plagioclase in contact with the sulfides and PGM`s, and the presence of Fe2(OH)3Cl in partially serpentinized troctolitic rocks further suggest that a C-H-O-S-Cl fluid acted as a transport mechanism for PGE`s.
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