ABSTRACT Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have raised global concern due to their high environmental persistence, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity. Recent studies have focused on PFAS in aquatic larval insects due their sustained contact with potentially contaminated water and high importance as food subsidies to higher order consumers. Although previous studies have validated rapid methods for PFAS detection in various media, only a few have focused on method development and quantitation in insect tissue. The present study employed a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) sample extraction approach, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the identification and quantitation of 28 PFAS in nymphal dragonfly tissues. This method was validated using method detection limits and precision and accuracy studies. Recoveries ranged from 71.0% to 102.8%, whereas relative standard deviations spanned 2.0% to 4.6% at the 20.0 ng mL-1 analyte level, and method detection limits ranged from 0.5 ng g-1 to 2.0 ng g-1. Analysis of 15 wild-caught nymphal dragonfly samples resulted in the detection of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (6:2FTS), with PFOS detected in every sample. This validated method displayed strong recovery across multiple functional groups and provided an efficient and effective method for PFAS detection in aquatic larval insects.
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