Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) hold considerable promise for limiting progression of cell loss in different neurodegenerative conditions. One branch that has received much attention is their potential to reduce structural and functional deterioration in numerous inherited and environmental retinal degenerations. These pathologies stem from very heterogeneous causes, predicating therapeutic strategies such as the use of NTFs that target common survival pathways. Within the retina, such conditions affect principally either the rod and cone photoreceptors (as occurs in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Age-Related Macular Degeneration, for example) or the ganglion cells (as observed in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy). Research conducted by several laboratories over the past fifteen years has demonstrated that many NTFs are capable of slowing down the disease process in cell and animal models of these widespread human diseases, and one such molecule is soon expected to enter clinical trials. However, it is true to say that we still understand relatively little about the molecular mechanisms underlying NTF neuroprotection within the retina, or the full spectrum of downstream effects engendered by such treatments. Data on the pharmacology of these potent bioactive molecules would be useful not only in attempting to limit possible undesirable side effects (for example cell proliferation or neovascularisation), but also in tailoring specific NTF (or their downstream signalling messengers) for specific degenerative conditions. This review will consider the rationale for NTF-based treatments of retinal degeneration, insisting upon recent experimental evidence and emphasising the areas that require more work.