ABSTRACT To more efficiently sample the oceans, sonar technology has evolved significantly, from the simple analog, single-channel, and single frequency systems to the much more sophisticated digital, multi-channel, and/or multi-frequency systems. With the advances in acoustic techniques, the efficiency and accuracy of the oceanographic-biological surveys have been substantially improved. In this paper, a review of several major advances in sonar techniques over the past few decades is given, and its applications to fisheries and zooplankton surveys are emphasized.
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