Neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries are debilitating conditions that compromise the life quality of persons afflicted. Little to no hope for recovery existed for these pathologies, until recently, when researchers started exploring the use of stem cells as a possible means of regenerating damaged neural tissue. Stem cells from the embryo and adult are currently being studied for their ability to differentiate into functional neurons and glial cells in vitro and/or in vivo using animal models of various neurological disorders. Researchers and clinicians have become particularly interested in cell replacement strategies using harvested adult stem cells (ASC), given their prospects for autologous transplantation and avoidance of ethical dilemmas. At the forefront of ASC research for neural regeneration are: neural stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Each stem cell has been shown to differentiate in vitro and/or in vivo into neurons and glia, with some cells having distinct advantages over others. While these cells have been characterized as neural, current issues within the field are now focusing on what classes of neurons are being produced by each induction method and what neurotransmitters are being synthesized and released. This assessment of neurotransmitter production will aid researchers in producing classes of neuronal cells that are customized to a particular neural pathology. The following review details neurotransmitter production in neuronal cells produced from ASC.