The present article reviews the authors’ recent work on the biodegradable polymer syntheses utilizing difunctional monomers derived from plant-based renewable resources, l,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols such as l, 4:3, 6-dianhydro-D-glucitol (isosorbide) and l, 4:3, 6-dianhydro-D-mannitol (isomannide). These monomers can be readily obtained from D-glucose and D-mannose, respectively, by hydrogenation followed by dehydration. Series of aliphatic polyesters, furan-containing polyesters, poly(ester-amide)s, and poly(ester-carbonate)s have been synthesized by polycondensations using these monomers as the diol components. Their biodegradability as evaluated by soil burial degradation, activated sludge treatment, and enzymatic degradation tests is discussed in relation to their polymer structure.